8.  Share-Based Compensation and Cash-Based Incentive Compensation

In 2010, the W&T Offshore, Inc. Amended and Restated Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Plan”) was approved by our shareholders and amendments to the Plan were approved by our shareholders on May 7, 2013.  As allowed by the Plan, in 2013, 2012 and in 2011, the Company granted restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to certain of its employees.  RSUs are a long-term compensation component of the Plan, which are granted to only certain employees, and are subject to adjustments at the end of the applicable performance period based on the achievement of certain predetermined criteria.  Certain RSUs granted in 2013 (the “2013 RSUs”) are subject to performance criteria of Adjusted EBITDA, defined as  net income before income tax expense, net interest expense, depreciation, depletion, amortization, accretion and certain other items, adjusted EBITDA as a percent of total revenue (“Adjusted EBITDA Margin”) and total shareholder return (“TSR”).  The RSUs granted in 2012 (the “2012 RSUs”) are subject to performance criteria of earnings per share and TSR, while the RSUs granted in 2011 (the “2011 RSUs”) are subject to only earnings per share performance measurement.  In 2013 and in prior years, restricted stock was granted to the Company’s non-employee directors under the Director Compensation Plan.  The restricted stock and RSUs each vest at the end of specified service periods.  In addition to share-based compensation, the Company may grant to its employees cash-based incentive awards, which are a short-term component of the Plan and are based on the Company and the employee achieving certain predetermined performance criteria.

We recognize compensation cost for share-based payments to employees and non-employee directors over the period during which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the award, based on the fair value of the equity instrument on the date of grant.  We are also required to estimate forfeitures, resulting in the recognition of compensation cost only for those awards that are expected to actually vest.

On May 7, 2013, after receiving shareholder approval, 4,000,000 shares of common stock were added to the amount available for issuance under the Plan.  At September 30, 2013, there were 5,393,602 shares of common stock available for issuance in satisfaction of awards under the Plan and 519,379 shares of common stock available for issuance in satisfaction of awards under the Director Compensation Plan. The shares available for both plans are reduced when restricted stock is granted.  RSUs will reduce the shares available in the Plan only when RSUs are settled in shares of common stock.  Although the Company has the option to settle RSUs in stock or cash at vesting, only common stock has been used to settle vested RSUs to date.  

Restricted Stock.   As of September 30, 2013, all of the unvested restricted shares outstanding were issued to the non-employee directors.  Restricted shares are subject to forfeiture until vested and cannot be sold, transferred or disposed of during the restricted period. The holders of restricted shares generally have the same rights as a shareholder of the Company with respect to such shares, including the right to vote and receive dividends or other distributions paid with respect to the shares.  The fair value of restricted stock was estimated by using the Company’s closing price on the grant date.

A summary of activity in 2013 related to restricted stock is as follows:

 

Subject to the satisfaction of service conditions, the outstanding restricted shares issued to the non-employee directors as of September 30, 2013 are expected to vest as follows:

 

The grant date fair value of restricted shares granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012 was $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively.  The fair value of restricted shares that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012 was $0.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units.  As of September 30, 2013, the Company had outstanding RSUs issued to certain employees.  Certain 2013 RSUs are subject to pre-defined share performance measures comprised of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin for 2013 and TSR for defined periods in 2013, 2014 and 2015; therefore, no portion has been determined to be eligible for vesting as of September 30, 2013.  A portion of the 2012 RSUs remains subject to the certain pre-defined performance measures of TSR for the defined periods in 2013 and 2014; therefore, this portion will be determined whether eligible for vesting at the end of the respective performance periods.  TSR is determined based upon the change in the entity’s stock price and dividends for the performance period.  The TSR targets are the ranking of the Company’s TSR compared to the TSR of certain peer companies.  The TSR components have an issuance scale from 0% to 200%.  The portion of RSUs subject to TSR performance measurement is disclosed in the second table below.   

 

The fair value for the 2013 RSUs was determined separately for the component related to the Company specific performance measures (Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin) and the component related to TSR targets.  The fair value of the 2013 RSUs component related to the Company specific performance measures was determined using the Company’s closing price on the grant date.  The fair value for the 2013 RSUs component related to TSR targets was determined by using a Monte Carlo simulation probabilistic model.  The inputs used in the probabilistic model for the Company and the peer companies were: average closing stock prices during January 2013; risk-free interest rates using the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) ranging from 0.27% to 0.91% over the service period; expected volatilities ranging from 30% to 63%; expected dividend yields ranging from 0.0% to 3.1%; and correlation factors ranging from (84%) to 95%.  The expected volatilities, expected dividends and correlation factors were developed using historical data.

A methodology similar to that employed for the 2013 RSUs was used to determine the fair value for the 2012 RSUs.  The inputs used in the probabilistic model for the Company and the peer companies were: average closing stock prices during January 2012; risk-free interest rates using the LIBOR ranging from 0.15% to 0.72% over the service period; expected volatilities ranging from 33% to 74%; expected dividend yields ranging from 0.0% to 2.5%; and correlation factors ranging from (67%) to 94%.  The expected volatilities, expected dividends and correlation factors were developed using historical data.  The fair value of the 2011 RSUs, which contained only Company-specific performance measures, was estimated by using the Company’s closing price on the grant date. 

The majority of RSUs are subject to predetermined performance criteria and all RSUs are subject to service requirements prior to vesting.  All RSUs awarded are subject to forfeiture until vested and cannot be sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of during the restricted period.  Dividend equivalents are earned at the same rate as dividends paid on our common stock after achieving the specified performance requirement for that component of the RSUs.

A summary of activity in 2013 related to RSUs is as follows:

 

 

Subject to the satisfaction of service conditions, the RSUs outstanding as of September 30, 2013 are eligible to vest in the year indicated in the table below:   

 

 

 

The grant date fair value of RSUs granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012 was $12.8 million and $14.2 million, respectively.  During the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and 2012, there was no vesting of RSUs.

Share-Based Compensation. 

A summary of incentive compensation expense under share-based payment arrangements and the related tax benefit is as follows (in thousands): 

 

Unrecognized Share-Based Compensation.  As of September 30, 2013, unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to our outstanding restricted shares and RSUs was $0.6 million and $16.1 million, respectively.   Unrecognized share-based compensation expense will be recognized through April 2016 for restricted shares and November 2015 for RSUs. 

Cash-Based Incentive Compensation. As defined by the Plan, annual incentive awards may be granted to eligible employees payable in cash.  These awards are performance-based awards consisting of one or more business criteria or individual performance criteria and a targeted level or levels of performance with respect to each of such criteria.  Generally, the performance period is the calendar year and determination and payment is made in cash in the first quarter of the following year.

Share-Based Compensation and Cash-Based Incentive Compensation Expense. 

A summary of incentive compensation expense is as follows (in thousands):